Navy Plans Electromagnetic War Games Over National Park and Forest in Washington State
Monday, 10 November 2014 11:34
By Dahr Jamail, Truthout | Report
Olympic National Park
and Olympic National Forest in Washington State are two of the most
beautiful wilderness areas in the United States. Majestic glacier-clad
peaks rise above temperate rainforest-covered hills. Gorgeous rivers
tumble down from the heights and the areas are home to several types of
plants and animal species that exist nowhere else on earth.
These protected national commons are also the areas in and near where
the US Navy aims to conduct its Northwest Electromagnetic Radiation
Warfare training program, wherein it will fly 36 of its EA-18G "Growler"
supersonic jet warplanes down to 1,200 feet above the ground in some
areas in order to conduct war games with 14 mobile towers. Enough
electromagnetic radiation will be emitted so as to be capable of melting
human eye tissue, and causing breast cancer, childhood leukemia and
damage to human fetuses, let alone impacting wildlife in the area.
What is at stake is not just whether the military is allowed to use
protected public lands in the Pacific Northwest for its war games, but a
precedent being set for them to do so across the entire country.
If it gets its way, this means the Navy would be flying Growler jets,
which are electronic attack aircraft that specialize in radar jamming,
in 2,900 training exercises over wilderness, communities and cities
across the Olympic Peninsula for 260 days per year, with exercises
lasting up to 16 hours per day.
No public notices for the Navy's plans were published in any media
that directly serve the Olympic Peninsula; hence the Navy initially
reported that it had received no public comments on its "environmental assessment" for the war games.
One barely advertised public comment meeting was held in the small
town of Forks, a several hour drive from the larger towns and cities
that will be impacted by the war games. When asked to schedule more
public comment meetings, the Navy refused.
But word spread. Tens of thousands of residents across the peninsula
became furious, and widespread and growing public outcry forced the Navy
to extend the public comment period until November 28 and schedule more
public meetings.
It is not news that the Navy has been conducting electronic warfare exercises for years, but it might come as a surprise for people to learn that according to the US Navy's Information Dominance Roadmap 2013-2028,
the Navy states it "will require new capabilities to fully employ
integrated information in warfare by expanding the use of advanced
electronic warfare."
What is at stake is not just whether the military is allowed to use
protected public lands in the Pacific Northwest for its war games, but a
precedent being set for them to do so across the entire country.
The Die Is Cast
The Navy already has an area in Mountain Home, Idaho, that is available for such war gaming.
Nevertheless, according to the Navy's "environmental assessment,"
it opted not to fly the 400 miles to Idaho in order to save jet fuel
and enable their personnel to have more time with their families.
The war games would include the use of large RV-sized trucks equipped
with electromagnetic generating equipment that would be dispersed along
14 sites in Olympic National Forest and several right along the
boundary of Olympic National Park. While no trucks would, in theory, be
allowed inside Olympic National Park, the warplanes would most likely be
crossing over the park on a regular basis.
"This is bringing militarism home in a very direct way, in one of the most pristine parts of the country."
The exercises would be conducted by naval warplanes launching from
the US Naval Air Station on Whidbey Island that would fly over the
northern coast of the Olympic Peninsula in order to reach the West
Coast, where they would fly inland over national forestland and Olympic
National Park, in order to target the vehicles' aimed electromagnetic
radiation.
According to the Navy's so-called environmental assessment, the
purpose of these war games is to train to deny the enemy "all possible
frequencies of electromagnetic radiation (i.e. electromagnetic energy)
for use in such applications as communication systems, navigation
systems and defense related systems and components."
Six of the radiation emitting truck sites would be within 10 miles of
the Quinault Reservation, and at least six of them would be right along
the border of Olympic National Park.
Truthout requested comment from the Quinault and received this
statement from Fawn Sharp, the president of the Quinault Indian Nation:
The Quinault Indian Nation has spoken with the Navy regarding the
electronic warfare range proposal due to our ongoing concerns for our
people and our wildlife in our usual and accustomed hunting grounds. Our
people have lived here for thousands of years. We have always depended
upon the fishing, hunting and gathering resources here, and managed
these resources for the benefit of current and future generations. Today
we co-manage these resources with our fellow sovereigns, the state and
federal governments. The Navy has responded to our questions, on a
government-to-government basis. At this time our only additional comment
is that we will be monitoring the Navy's activities, to assure there is
no harm to the resources we manage and must protect for the sake of our
people, our heritage and our generations to come.
The Navy claimed it had served notice to the Makah, Quileute, Hoh and
Quinault tribes, all located in close proximity to the proposed war
games areas.
John Moshier, the Navy's northwest environmental manager for the US Pacific Fleet, has stated that their planes would be flying as low as 1,200 feet above the ground.
Yet the Navy's environmental impact assessment
does not even mention noise pollution or the sound of the Navy's jets,
and lists "no significant impacts" for public health and safety,
biological resources, noise, air quality or visual resources.
Tens of thousands of outraged residents from around the Olympic Peninsula have expressed their opposition via letters to the US Forest Service, public meetings, letters to the editor in newspapers across the peninsula, flooding article comment sections and via social media.
David King, the mayor of Port Townsend, a town on the Northeast
corner of the Olympic Peninsula, has voiced his opposition to the plan,
along with numerous other public officials from around the Olympic
Peninsula, in addition to the thousands of angry residents.
"This is bringing militarism home in a very direct way, in one of the
most pristine parts of the country," Linda Sutton, a retired teacher
who lives in Port Townsend, told Truthout. "Most of the people who live
here do so because we are free of this kind of militarism. And people
who visit here, come here for the natural beauty and environment, and if
we allow this place to be turned into a war-gaming area, it is
reprehensible."
"No Significant Impact?"
According to the National Park Service, the top two purposes of a national park are:
- To preserve and protect the natural and cultural resources for future generations.
- To provide opportunities to experience, understand and enjoy the park consistent with the preservation of resources in a state of nature.
As for national forests, according to US Code 475, which outlines the purposes for which national forests were established and how they are to be administered:
No national forest shall be established, except to improve and
protect the forest within the boundaries, or for the purpose of securing
favorable conditions of water flows, and to furnish a continuous supply
of timber for the use and necessities of citizens of the United States;
but it is not the purpose or intent of these provisions, or of said
section, to authorize the inclusion therein of lands more valuable for
the mineral therein, or for agricultural purposes, than for forest
purposes.
The Navy's war-gaming plans are most likely in violation of the
stated purposes of the National Park Service, in addition to being in
violation of the aforementioned US code.
The Navy's so-called environmental assessment, which they claim
includes plans for "protecting people and large animals," reported "no
significant impact" would result from the $11.5 million warfare training
project, which aims to be operational by September 2015.
The report, however, failed to provide specifics on either the
maximum potential exposure or the intensity of the electromagnetic
radiation emitters from the trucks to be used in the war games.
"Experimental evidence has shown that exposure to low intensity radiation can have a profound effect on biological processes."
Nevertheless, Dean Millett, the district ranger for the Pacific
district of the Olympic National Forest, had issued a draft notice of a
decision in which he had agreed with the Navy's finding of "no
significant impact," which has cleared the way for a Forest Service
special permit to be issued to the Navy for the war games. Millet,
however, insists that the decision is his to make, but has not made a
final decision yet.
Under massive public pressure, however, Millett reopened public
comment because of what he claimed was "renewed interest . . . from
members of the public who were unaware of the proposal."
Mike Welding, the Naval Air Station at Whidbey Island spokesman, recently admitted to reporters that any antennas emitting electromagnetic energy produce radiation.
"As a general answer, if someone is in the exclusion area for more
than 15 minutes, that's a ballpark estimate for when there would be some
concern for potential to injure, to receive burns," he said.
The Navy's "environmental assessment"
(EA) states, "There are no conclusive direct hazards to human tissue as
a result of electromagnetic radiation," and, "Links to DNA
fragmentation, leukemia, and cancer due to intermittent exposure to
extremely high levels of electromagnetic radiation are speculative;
study data are inconsistent and insufficient at this time."
However, in direct contradiction to the Navy's responses along with
their so-called environmental assessment, in 1994, the US Air Force
published the report, "Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation Biological Effects and Safety Standards: A Review."
Page 18 of the report states: "Nonthermal disruptions have been
observed to occur at power densities that are much lower than are
necessary to induce thermal effects. Soviet researchers have attributed
alterations in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system
to the nonthermal effect of low level RF/MW radiation exposure."
The report concludes, "Experimental evidence has shown that exposure to low intensity radiation can have a profound effect on biological processes." (emphasis added)
"The planned range may alter the attractiveness of this region as a
destination for tourists and there is potential for significant economic
impact."
It is important to note that at the time that report was written, the
standard for exposure was 50,000 milliwatts per square meter. Today,
the maximum exposure limit is 10,000 milliwatts per square meter, yet
even that level is more than 1 million times higher than the allowable
exposure limits published in the 2012 BioInitiative Report.
Furthermore, the "EA" quotes from a study (Focke et al. 2009) that
deals with extremely low frequency radiation (50 hertz) only and is thus
completely irrelevant to the gigahertz radiation being proposed (1
gigahertz equals 1 billion hertz).
The Navy has not provided any relevant studies that prove no
long-term effects to flora and fauna for their proposed 4,680 hours per
year of exposure.
Nor does the "EA" factor in the electromagnetic radiation from the
Navy's Growler jets, as the jets will be using it to locate ground
transmitters.
Peer-reviewed, published scientific studies about the harmful effects to humans of electromagnetic radiation abound.
A quick search on Google Scholar
for "Electromagnetic fields risk to humans" produces over 63,000
results, most of which are published scientific studies that chronicle
the deleterious impact of electromagnetic fields to the human organism.
Some of the studies titles are: "Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency," "The sensitivity of children to electromagnetic fields," "Exposure
to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and the risk of
malignant diseases - an evaluation of epidemiological and experimental
findings," "Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields as effectors of cellular responses in vitro: possible immune cell activation," and "Exposure to electromagnetic fields and the risk of childhood leukemia," to name just a few.
One study, titled "Leukemia and Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Review of Epidemiologic Surveys,"
states in its abstract: "Results for total leukemia show a modest
excess risk for men in exposed occupations, with an enhanced risk
elevation for acute leukemia and especially acute myelogenous leukemia."
A report titled "Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards," published in the journal Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy in 2008, concluded:
Health endpoints reported to be associated with ELF and/or RF include
childhood leukemia, brain tumors, genotoxic effects, neurological
effects and neurodegenerative diseases, immune system deregulation,
allergic and inflammatory responses, breast cancer, miscarriage and some
cardiovascular effects. The BioInitiative Report concluded that a
reasonable suspicion of risk exists based on clear evidence of
bioeffects at environmentally relevant levels, which, with prolonged
exposures may reasonably be presumed to result in health impacts.
Electromagnetic radiation's impact on wildlife is very well
documented, as thousands of peer-reviewed scientific studies have been
published on the topic.
In May 2014, a study titled "Electromagnetic Interference Disrupts Bird Navigation, Hints at Quantum Action"
was published in the journal Nature. "Researchers found out that very
weak electromagnetic fields disrupt the magnetic compass used by
European robins and other songbirds to navigate using the Earth's
magnetic field," according to the study.
That same month another study, "Sensory biology: Radio waves zap the biomagnetic compass,"
was also published in Nature. "Weak radio waves in the medium-wave band
are sufficient to disrupt geomagnetic orientation in migratory birds,
according to a particularly well-controlled study," Nature reports. It
added, "Interference from electronics . . . can disrupt the internal
magnetic compasses of migratory birds."
A 2013 study published in Environment International, "A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF),"
concluded, "In about two-third[s] of the reviewed studies ecological
effects of RF-EMF [were] reported at high as well as at low dosages."
A June 2011 study published in Ecosphere, titled "Impacts of Acute and Long-Term Vehicle Exposure on Physiology and Reproductive Success of the Northern Spotted Owl,"
found that while the spotted owl is able to compensate for a low level
of increased noise pollution and vehicle presence up to a threshold,
"beyond which disturbance impacts may be greatly magnified - and even
cause system collapse." The northern spotted owl is an endangered
species.
While more studies on the impact of electromagnetic radiation on
larger animals are underway and the results pending, the negative
impacts on birds in the proposed war-gaming areas are clear.
Richard Jahnke, the president of the Admiralty Audubon Society
located on the Olympic Peninsula, submitted comments to Greg Wahl, the
environmental coordinator for the US Forest Service, who is fielding
comments about the Navy's war games plans.
Jahnke's letter, which he provided to Truthout, clarifies the impact
on birds in the war game area: "The western side of the Olympic National
Park has a unique soundscape. A location in the Hoh River valley was
identified as the quietest place in the lower 48 with respect to
anthropogenic sound (see onesquareinch.org for further info)."
Sullivan sees many holes in how both the Forest Service and Navy
have gone about making the war game exercises happen without following
proper protocol.
Jahnke noted how the Navy's so-called EA did not assume any economic
impact, hence categorically excluding that from their analysis. Of this
he stated, "The planned range may alter the attractiveness of this
region as a destination for tourists and there is potential for
significant economic impact. Since this region is already economically
stressed, even small variations in overall economic activity may result
in large, relative impacts. The Navy should, therefore, assess the
potential economic impact before proceeding."
According to the Admiralty Audubon Society, the Pacific Coast is part
of the Pacific Flyway, which makes it a critical pathway for migratory
birds, with an estimated 1 billion birds migrating along the flyway
annually.
"The Navy's assessment includes little discussion of indirect impacts
of EMR [electromagnetic radiation] on wildlife and does not incorporate
the most recent, best available science," Jahnke wrote, adding, "Since
successful migration is critical to the survival of a migrating species,
potential navigational impacts must [be] evaluated. However, these
potential impacts are not considered in the current EA and hence the
potential impacts were not assessed."
Thus, the Admiralty Audubon Society has gone on record in
recommending that the Navy's EA and its associated "Findings of No
Significant Impacts" not be adopted.
"The deficiencies documented above are significant and must be
addressed," Jahnke stated. "For these reasons, the EA does not meet the
requirements of law and a full environmental impact statement under NEPA
[National Environmental Policy Act] must be prepared."
Navy officials said that they "did not know" the impact of the electromagnetic radiation emissions "on small animals."
The Forest Service's Greg Wahl chose to parrot the Navy's finding of "no significant impact" for the war games project.
Forest Service Response
Wahl chose not to respond to Truthout's repeated requests for comment
on how the Navy's plans would have "no significant impact" on wildlife
or humans in the affected areas.
Dean Millett, Olympic National Forest's district ranger, downplayed
impacts of the Navy's plans, and told reporters that the Forest Service
roads where most of the emitters will be located "are remote," and
added, "They don't get much traffic unless there is some activity going
on in the area."
He claimed the electromagnetic radiation transmissions would "cease
if large animals come into the area where the exercise is taking place,"
and said he "was not concerned about the electromagnetic radiation
emissions" and said this was "just one more small dose" of
electromagnetic radiation.
Olympic Peninsula resident Karen Sullivan worked for the US Fish and
Wildlife Service for 15 and a half years, in Delaware, Washington, DC,
and from 1998 through 2006 in Alaska. She worked in the Division of
Endangered Species, External Affairs, and spent the last seven years as
assistant regional director for External Affairs, which covered all
media and congressional interaction and correspondence, plus outreach,
publications and tribal grants for the Alaska region.
She called the Navy's so-called environmental assessment "bogus"
because "it's relying on the biological opinion, which is totally
invalid because it is old and not of broad enough scope."
A "biological opinion" is a narrowly focused legal document prepared
by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for the purpose of evaluating
whether an activity will jeopardize the continued existence of a listed
species. Hence the Navy, in theory, is required to consult with Fish and
Wildlife about endangered species and other impacts, according to
Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act.
"To illustrate this, the Navy can go explode mines on the sea floor,
which creates a kill zone and alters the seafloor habitat, but if the
one endangered fish being evaluated in the document doesn't use that
seafloor habitat, then the effects of that explosion are called
'insignificant' because they don't affect that particular species,"
Sullivan told Truthout.
The Sierra Club also submitted a letter to Wahl protesting the Forest
Service's concurrence with the Navy's finding of "no significant
impact." The letter began by taking issue with the Forest Service not
adhering to its mission:
The USFS's mission, as set forth by law, is to manage its lands under
a sustainable multiple-use management concept to meet the diverse needs
of people. Among these diverse needs are forestry, recreation, and the
protection of wildlife habitat and wilderness. The very nature of the
Navy's proposal, which involves open-ended access restrictions, makes it
difficult to imagine how the USFS will be able to adhere to its
multiple-use mandate as other uses will necessarily be precluded.
Sullivan takes issue with the Navy's "EA" for numerous reasons, which she detailed for Truthout:
This 200-page document covered a huge area of airspace, but only 875
acres of land were specifically named, between Everett and Mt. Baker.
The lone ground-based emitter mentioned was located in Coupeville, and
the number of annual training events for Growler jets proposed back in
2009 was 275. That's what the biological opinion evaluated. Not three
mobile emitters and one fixed tower in 14 brand-new places, not 36
low-altitude Growler jets in areas previously not evaluated, not 2,900
Growler training events in the Olympic National Forest and another 2,100
elsewhere, for eight to 16 hours per day, 260 days per year. This is 20
times the level of activity that was covered in the biological opinion;
therefore, using it so dishonestly to justify their new plans
invalidates their environmental assessment.
Sullivan believes the Navy is violating NEPA by their initial
attempts to not adequately seek public comment, and pointed out how the
Navy tried to use the same tactic in Mendocino, California, which was
met with similar public outcry then as well.
Sullivan sees many holes in how both the Forest Service and Navy have
gone about making the war game exercises happen without following
proper protocol.
"The Forest Service is supposed to evaluate everything else,
including the effects of chronic radiation on trees and plants and
animals, and there is nothing in their EA about that . . . nothing," she
said. "There is clearly an absence of data, and they are not doing
their own research."
The Sierra Club is clear in their findings and what they believe the Forest Service and Fish and Wildlife Service must do:
Sierra Club North Olympic Group (NOG) believes that the Forest
Service should not accept the finding of "No Significant Impact" and
decline the Navy a Special-Use Permit and access to the Forest Service
roads for their mobile electromagnetic (EM) emitters until the Navy
revises and augments the final EA, requests an updated Biological
Opinion from the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and (potentially)
prepares a full Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
The FONSI [Finding of no significant impact] is not supported by the
final EA from the Navy due to the inadequacies of that document. Without
the FONSI or a complete EIS, the Forest Service cannot grant the Navy a
special-use permit and access to Forest Service roads.
Like Sullivan, the Sierra Club found sections of the "EA" that needed
"to be updated and rewritten to include the newest scientific
literature research on the effects of EM and Noise on Endangered Species
Act (ESA) listed species in the proposed military operations area (MOA)
. . . research into the literature found no less than 3 peer-reviewed
articles that would contradict the findings of no significant impact in
the EA and perhaps the 2010 Biological Opinion."
Sullivan pointed out that there are at least two endangered species,
the marbled murrelet and the bull trout, that would likely be adversely
affected by the war games, and possibly rendered extinct.
The Sierra Club pointed out that the northern spotted owl, also an endangered species, would also be adversely affected.
The group also voiced its concerns with the fact that the planned
missions begin well before daylight and continue long into the night,
the sound pollution emitted by the generators on the 14 mobile units and
Growler jets, several areas in the "EA" where the Navy contradicts
itself, impacts on gray wolves, vagueness in many areas of the Navy's
report, and the fact that Growler jets will be flying in trios ("with
two in [radar] jamming mode and one in detection-mode"), among several
other issues.
The Sierra Club's letter to Wahl contained several open-ended
questions and concerns, and pointed toward one section of concern,
stating, "the last paragraph identifies a process of the Navy consulting
with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) on the effects on ESA
listed species from the stressors and impacts described in this EA. When
would this consultation take place, what is the output of the
consultation (a report?) and is it subject to citizen review?
Furthermore, we believe this consultation must take place prior to the
granting of any special-use permit by the Forest Service."
Sullivan concluded with asking open-ended questions to the Navy and federal agencies involved:
Does the Navy intend to reinitiate formal consultation with the US
Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service, to
obtain more recent evaluations of impacts to biological resources? Will
the Navy revise the EA to reflect all of the information that was left
out? Is it possible to insist there could still be "no significant
impacts" unless you are blindfolded?
The current public comment period has been extended until November
28, and it is yet to be determined if the Navy will succeed in their
efforts to carry out their war games on the Olympic Peninsula.